Which option is the leading reason that technology projects fail, according to research?

While too many stakeholders can complicate things, the *management* of those stakeholders is the underlying issue, not just their number.

A business model canvas is a valuable strategic tool, but its absence is generally not cited as the *leading* cause of project failure compared to broader management issues.

Poor stakeholder management is consistently cited in project management research as a primary reason for project failure, as it leads to misaligned expectations, resistance to change, and a lack of necessary support. Effective communication, engagement, and management of all involved parties are critical for project success.

Lack of budget is a significant factor, but often, budget issues themselves can stem from poor planning and management, including poor stakeholder engagement regarding resource allocation.