Which of the following availability management activities are considered to be proactive as opposed to reactive? (1) Monitoring system availability (2) Designing availability into a proposed solution

This is incorrect because item 2 - designing availability into a solution - is clearly a proactive availability management activity.

Both items cannot be proactive because monitoring (item 1) is a reactive or detective control that identifies problems after they emerge, not before.

Monitoring alone is not proactive; it responds to availability events as they occur rather than preventing them through advance design decisions.

Designing availability into a proposed solution is a proactive activity because it is performed before deployment to embed resilience, redundancy, and recovery requirements during the design phase, preventing future failures. Monitoring system availability (item 1) is a reactive activity because it detects and responds to availability issues that are already occurring or have already occurred, rather than preventing them.