Which solution prevents microloops from be formed during network convergence time?

RSVP-TE establishes explicitly routed label-switched paths for traffic engineering purposes but does not inherently prevent transient microloops caused by asynchronous FIB updates during IGP convergence.

Basic LFA provides pre-computed loop-free backup next hops but has topology-dependent coverage gaps and does not use tunneling, meaning microloops can still form in scenarios where no local LFA qualifies.

Prefix suppression hides point-to-point link addresses from LSA/LSP flooding to reduce convergence churn but does not directly prevent microloops in the forwarding plane during a topology change.

RLFA extends basic LFA by establishing an MPLS or IP tunnel to a remotely connected PQ node - a node that is simultaneously post-convergence loop-free from the repairing router and loop-free toward the destination. This tunnel bypasses intermediate routers that may not yet have updated their FIBs, preventing the transient forwarding inconsistencies that cause microloops during convergence.