A business requirement is supplied to an architect from a car manufacturer stating their business model is changing to just-in-time manufacturing and a new network is required, the manufacturer does…

Modularity is a design principle for flexibility and reuse but does not directly address the real-time coordination and external-supplier integration that JIT manufacturing demands.

Zero Trust Networking is a security architecture focused on identity and access control, not on the operational orchestration required by a JIT manufacturing model.

JIT manufacturing depends on precise, real-time coordination of supply chains, production scheduling, and third-party component delivery from external suppliers. Automation enables the orchestration workflows necessary to trigger procurement, track inventory, and synchronize production events without manual intervention. Without automation, the time-sensitive and cross-organizational nature of JIT cannot be reliably achieved at scale.

Low latency infrastructure is a performance consideration that may be relevant later but is not the primary architectural concern when establishing a JIT supply chain network.