Which of the following functions can be invoked without arguments?

Question

Options

• Adef gamma(level): pass
• Bdef delta(level, size = 0): pass
• Cdef alpha(level=100): pass
• Ddef beta(None): pass

• A
  4% (1)
• B
  4% (1)
• C
  77% (20)
• D
  15% (4)

Explanation

alpha(level=100) can be called as simply alpha() because level has a default value of 100, making the argument optional - Python automatically uses the default when no argument is supplied.

Why the distractors fail:

• A (gamma(level)) - level has no default, so Python raises a TypeError if called without it.
• B (delta(level, size=0)) - size has a default, but level does not, so delta() still fails; you'd need at least delta(some_value).
• D (def beta(None)) - this is a syntax error; None is a keyword, not a valid parameter name.

Memory tip: A parameter without = is required; a parameter with = is optional. To call a function with zero arguments, every parameter must have a default value - one bare required parameter breaks the whole call.

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