The process of enumerating all hosts on a network defines which of the following activities?

Port scanning targets specific known hosts to identify which TCP/UDP ports are open and listening, not to discover which hosts exist on the network in the first place.

Vulnerability scanning probes already-identified hosts for known security weaknesses, misconfigurations, or missing patches - it presupposes that the hosts have already been enumerated.

GPS mapping refers to geolocation and physical cartography and is not a recognized network security or reconnaissance activity.

Network mapping (also called host discovery) involves sending probes such as ICMP pings, ARP requests, or TCP/UDP packets across an IP range to identify which hosts are alive and reachable. The result is a logical map of all devices present on the network, which is precisely what host enumeration produces. Tools like Nmap use this technique as a foundational step before deeper scanning.