John, a novice web user, makes a new E-mail account and keeps his password as "apple", his favorite fruit. John's password is vulnerable to which of the following password cracking attacks? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.

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A. Brute Force attack A brute force attack systematically attempts every possible character combination, and a short five-character password like 'apple' would be discovered quickly regardless of its composition. B. Dictionary attack A dictionary attack uses a precompiled list of common words and phrases, and 'apple' as a standard English noun would appear in virtually every standard password dictionary. C. Hybrid attack A hybrid attack combines dictionary words with rule-based mutations - 'apple' would be cracked in the initial dictionary pass of this attack before any mutations are even applied.

Answer

D. Rule based attack Rule-based attacks apply specific transformation patterns derived from known password policies or breach data to mutate existing candidates, making them a more targeted technique than what is needed to crack a plain, unmodified common word.

John, a novice web user, makes a new E-mail account and keeps his password as "apple", his favorite fruit. John's password is vulnerable to which of the following password cracking attacks? Each corre

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