Which of the following software development life cycles is a methodology that divides the project into phases, and the project manager focuses on control of time, cost, and scope?

Spiral combines iterative development with systematic risk analysis, cycling through planning, risk assessment, engineering, and evaluation phases, rather than following a linear phase sequence focused on triple-constraint control.

Agile is an iterative, adaptive methodology that embraces evolving requirements and delivers software incrementally, deliberately trading rigid scope-time-cost control for flexibility and customer collaboration.

Waterfall is a linear, sequential software development lifecycle divided into distinct phases - such as requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment - where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The project manager's primary responsibility is maintaining control of the triple constraint (time, cost, and scope) through rigorous upfront planning, detailed documentation, and phase-gate approvals. This structured, plan-driven approach and emphasis on controlling scope, schedule, and budget is the defining characteristic that distinguishes Waterfall from iterative or adaptive methodologies.

Incremental development delivers the product in successive builds or increments and may incorporate iterative refinement within each increment, lacking the single-pass phase structure and rigid triple-constraint focus characteristic of Waterfall.