Refer to the exhibit. Which protocol is used to map an IP address to a MAC address by broadcasting a request to the LAN?

ARP broadcasts a request frame to all hosts on a LAN segment containing the target IP address, and the device holding that IP address replies with its MAC address. This allows the requesting host to populate its ARP cache and deliver Layer 2 frames correctly to the intended destination.

Gratuitous ARP is a special ARP request where a host uses its own IP as the target to announce its presence or update neighbor ARP caches after an IP or MAC change, not to discover another device's MAC address.

RARP (Reverse ARP) performs the opposite operation - it maps a known MAC address to an unknown IP address, and was historically used by diskless workstations to obtain their IP address at boot time.

Proxy ARP is a router technique where a router responds to ARP requests on behalf of hosts on a different subnet, enabling communication across network boundaries without a default gateway configured on the client.