What enables NVM Express host software to communicate with nonvolatile memory?

SATA is a legacy serial interface designed for traditional spinning hard drives and older AHCI-based SSDs, and is not the transport used by NVMe.

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is an enterprise-class interface for spinning disk arrays and tape, and is not used by NVMe as a transport.

NVMe is a storage protocol designed from the ground up to leverage the PCIe bus, which provides direct, high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity between the host CPU and nonvolatile storage media. PCIe's parallel lane architecture allows NVMe to exploit the full performance potential of flash-based storage by eliminating the bottlenecks inherent in legacy storage protocols and controllers.

SCSI is a legacy command set and parallel bus architecture that NVMe was specifically designed to replace, not the interface that enables NVMe host communication.