In order to avoid shoe-shining, which of the following techniques can be used?

De-duplication is a data reduction technique that eliminates redundant copies of data, which does not directly address tape drive streaming issues.

While multi-streaming can lead to multiplexing, multiplexing itself is the specific technique used to interleave data from multiple sources to maintain a continuous flow to a single tape device.

Compression reduces the size of data, which can increase the effective data transfer rate, but it doesn't directly solve the problem of intermittent data streams from multiple sources causing shoe-shining.

Multiplexing is a technique where data from multiple backup jobs or sources is interleaved and written to a single tape drive concurrently. This process ensures a continuous data stream, preventing the tape drive from stopping and starting frequently, which is known as shoe-shining.