Which of the following can determine the last time an address lease was renewed on a network device?

Operating systems write DHCP client events - including lease acquisition, renewal, and expiration - to the system log with precise timestamps. Reviewing these log entries is the direct way to determine when an IP address lease was last renewed on a specific device.

A packet sniffer captures live network traffic in real time and cannot retrieve historical lease renewal events that occurred before the capture began.

A time domain reflectometer (TDR) is a hardware tool used to detect faults and measure distances in cables, not to inspect DHCP lease history.

A stateful packet filter tracks active connection states for security filtering decisions and does not log or report DHCP lease renewal history.