Which of the following attacks can be overcome by applying cryptography?

Web ripping uses automated tools to copy publicly accessible web content from a server, a process cryptography does not prevent because the attacker retrieves data through normal HTTP requests.

DoS attacks flood network resources with excessive traffic to deny service availability - cryptography does not reduce traffic volume or protect resource capacity.

Sniffing attacks passively capture network packets to extract sensitive information from plaintext traffic. Applying cryptography - such as TLS/SSL - encrypts the data payload so intercepted packets are unreadable without the decryption key. This makes encryption a direct and effective technical countermeasure against sniffing.

Buffer overflow attacks exploit memory management flaws in application code at the software layer - cryptography operates on data confidentiality and cannot prevent or mitigate memory corruption vulnerabilities.