GSM uses either A5/1 or A5/2 stream cipher for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. Which of the following cryptographic attacks can be used to break both ciphers?

A man-in-the-middle attack is a network interception technique targeting communication channels, not a cryptanalytic method that breaks the mathematical structure of A5/1 or A5/2.

A ciphertext-only attack recovers key material using only intercepted ciphertext, with no need for known plaintext. Researchers demonstrated that A5/1 and A5/2 can be broken this way using precomputed rainbow tables derived from the ciphers' known keystream generation structure. This is the minimal-assumption attack that applies to both ciphers simultaneously.

A known plaintext attack requires access to both a plaintext message and its corresponding ciphertext, which is a stronger assumption than what a ciphertext-only attack requires.

A replay attack involves retransmitting previously captured messages to deceive a system and does not involve any cryptanalysis of the cipher algorithm itself.