A developer implements the following code snippet: Which of the following vulnerabilities does this code snippet resolve?

SQL injection is prevented through parameterized queries or prepared statements that separate code from data, not through output sanitization or error message control.

Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are mitigated by enforcing input length bounds and using memory-safe functions, not by controlling what the application returns as output.

Missing session limits are addressed through session timeout policies and concurrent session controls, which are unrelated to the output filtering shown in this snippet.

Information leakage occurs when an application unintentionally reveals sensitive internals - such as database error details, software version strings, internal file paths, or stack traces - to users or potential attackers. The code snippet implements output control that suppresses or sanitizes such details before they are returned in a response, directly resolving the vulnerability without requiring changes to input handling or session management.