Which of these can you use to effectively and dynamically reduce IP address spoofing?

Egress packet filtering operates on outbound traffic leaving the network and cannot intercept spoofed source addresses as they enter at ingress interfaces.

Ingress packet filtering via ACLs can block known spoofed ranges but requires manually maintained static rules that do not adapt dynamically when routing topology changes.

Egress route filtering controls which BGP/routing prefixes are advertised to peers and has no effect on data-plane packets with spoofed source IP addresses.

Route dampening suppresses unstable BGP prefixes to reduce routing table churn and is entirely unrelated to blocking spoofed source IP addresses in forwarded traffic.

uRPF consults the live FIB/routing table to check that the source IP of each incoming packet is reachable via the interface it arrived on, dropping packets whose source addresses fail this symmetry check. Because it references the live routing table, it adapts automatically as routes change - making it dynamic unlike static ACLs. In strict mode it requires an exact path match, while loose mode checks only for route existence, both effectively blocking spoofed non-routable source addresses.