Which of the following is assured by the use of a hash?

Authentication involves verifying the identity of a user or system, which is handled by credentials or certificates, not hash functions alone.

Confidentiality requires encryption to prevent unauthorized disclosure of data; a hash does not encrypt or conceal the underlying data.

Availability refers to ensuring systems and data are accessible when needed, which is addressed by redundancy and uptime controls, not hashing.

Hashing ensures integrity by generating a digest of data that changes if even a single bit is altered. If the computed hash of received data matches the original hash, the data has not been tampered with. This is why hashes are used in file verification, digital signatures, and message authentication codes.