An organization hires a tester to do a wireless penetration test. Previous reports indicate that the last test did not contain management or control packets in the submitted traces. Which of the follo

If the wireless card were off, zero frames of any type would be captured - since the tester clearly captured data frames, the card was operational.

Incorrect drivers can cause capture problems, but this is a less specific and far less common root cause than the broad OS and adapter incompatibility with management and control frame types.

On Linux and macOS, promiscuous mode does surface 802.11 headers for data frames, but the real requirement for management and control frame capture is monitor mode, and even then some adapters still do not support it.

Not all wireless NICs and their OS drivers support capturing 802.11 management (type 0) and control (type 1) frames - some adapter firmware or driver stacks silently discard these frames even when the card is in monitor mode, which would produce a trace containing only data frames and explain the missing frame types in the previous penetration test report.