Where does routing occur within the DoD TCP/IP reference model?

The Application layer (also called Process layer) in the DoD model handles high-level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and DNS, not routing or packet forwarding.

The DoD model's Internet layer corresponds to the OSI Network layer and is where IP addressing, routing protocols, and packet forwarding decisions are made. Protocols such as IP, ICMP, and routing protocols like OSPF and EIGRP operate here. This layer is responsible for moving packets from source to destination across multiple networks.

'Network' is an OSI model layer term - in the DoD model the equivalent function is named 'Internet,' making this answer incorrect within the DoD context.

The Transport layer (also called Host-to-Host layer) in the DoD model manages end-to-end communication and reliability via TCP and UDP, not routing between networks.