Which switching concept is used to create separate broadcast domains?

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is used to prevent loops in switched networks, not to create broadcast domains.

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to distribute VLAN information across multiple switches, not to create the broadcast domains themselves.

A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a logical grouping of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, regardless of their physical location. Each VLAN forms its own broadcast domain, meaning broadcast traffic sent within one VLAN does not propagate to other VLANs, thereby segmenting the network and improving efficiency and security.

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is an Ethernet access method for half-duplex communication, which operates within a single broadcast domain and manages collisions.