Which alternative to password authentication is implemented to allow enterprise devices to log in to the corporate network?

90-day renewal policies relate to the management of passwords, not an alternative authentication method to passwords themselves.

Magic links are typically a passwordless authentication method for human users logging into web applications, not for enterprise device authentication to a network.

One-time passwords (OTPs) are a form of multi-factor authentication for human users, often supplementing or replacing static passwords, but less common for direct device authentication without human involvement.

Digital certificates provide machine-based identity and are commonly used for authenticating enterprise devices to a corporate network (e.g., via 802.1X EAP-TLS), enabling secure and automated logins without requiring human interaction or passwords.