An administrator needs to generate a list of services that are listening on TCP and/or UDP ports. Which of the following tools should the administrator use?

`ethtool` is used to query or modify network interface controller (NIC) parameters, such as speed, duplex settings, and driver information, not for listing listening services.

The `route` command is used to display or manipulate the kernel's IP routing table, which dictates how network packets are forwarded, not for identifying listening services.

The `netstat` command is a comprehensive command-line tool that displays active network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, and crucially, all listening sockets (open ports) for both TCP and UDP protocols, making it ideal for this task.

`portmap` (or `rpcbind`) is a service that maps RPC program numbers to network port numbers for RPC-based services, but it does not list all services listening on TCP/UDP ports across the system.