Speaking a passphrase into a voice print analyzer is an example of which of the following security concepts?

This scenario combines something you know (the passphrase) with something you are (the voice biometric captured by the voice print analyzer), which satisfies the definition of two-factor authentication requiring two different factor categories. Using a single method from two separate factor types is the hallmark of MFA/2FA.

Identification and authorization is not a standard authentication pairing; the relevant pairing is identification and authentication, and this answer misrepresents the process.

Single sign-on is a mechanism allowing one authentication event to access multiple systems, not a description of factor types used.

Single factor authentication uses only one authentication category; here both knowledge (passphrase) and biometric (voice) factors are used simultaneously.