Corporate policy requires data replication to continue even if the servers, which are being protected, crash. Which of the following replication methods fulfills this requirement?

Storage array replication is managed by the storage array's own controller firmware, completely independent of the host servers. Because replication is handled by the array hardware itself rather than by server-side software or OS processes, it continues functioning even if the protected servers crash or power off, directly fulfilling the corporate policy requirement.

VM replication is managed by the hypervisor or replication agent running on the host server, so if the server crashes the replication process also stops.

Email server database replication depends on the email application services being active on the server; a server crash halts the replication process.

Database log shipping requires the database engine on the source server to be running to generate and transmit transaction logs; a server crash interrupts this process.