Which of the following protocols is responsible for the resolution of IP addresses to MAC addresses?

DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses and network configuration to hosts at boot time and plays no role in resolving IP addresses to MAC addresses.

ARP works by broadcasting a request on the local network asking which device owns a specific IP address, and the owning device responds with its MAC address so layer-2 framing can proceed. This resolution is essential because Ethernet frames require a destination MAC address - not an IP address - to deliver data on a local segment. ARP caches recent mappings to reduce repeated broadcast traffic.

DNS resolves human-readable hostnames to IP addresses and operates entirely at a higher layer with no involvement in MAC address resolution.

RARP performs the opposite function - it maps a known MAC address to an IP address - which is the reverse of ARP's IP-to-MAC direction.