Which of the following Linux filesystems pre-allocates a fixed number of inodes at filesystems make/creation time, and does NOT generate them as needed?

The ext3 filesystem, like its predecessor ext2, pre-allocates a fixed number of inodes at the time of filesystem creation (using `mkfs`), which limits the total number of files it can hold from the outset.

JFS (Journaled File System) is a dynamic inode allocation filesystem, meaning it allocates inodes as required rather than pre-allocating a fixed number.

ReiserFS is a dynamic inode allocation filesystem, which allows it to generate inodes on the fly as files are created.

XFS is a dynamic inode allocation filesystem, capable of expanding its inode allocation as the filesystem grows and new files are added.