On a system using shadowed passwords, the correct permissions for /etc/passwd are ___ and the correct permissions for /etc/shadow are ___.

The permissions `-rw-r-----` for `/etc/passwd` restrict read access for 'others', which can cause issues for programs needing to map UIDs to usernames.

The permissions `-r--r--r--` for `/etc/shadow` make the password hashes world-readable, posing a severe security risk.

The `/etc/passwd` file stores user account information (excluding password hashes) and must be readable by all users (`-rw-r--r--` or 644) for various system utilities. The `/etc/shadow` file contains encrypted password hashes and sensitive security details, requiring it to be readable only by the root user (`-r--------` or 400) to maintain system security.

The permissions `-rw-r--rw-` for `/etc/passwd` allow 'others' to write to the file, which is a significant security vulnerability, and `-r-----r--` for `/etc/shadow` still allows 'others' to read it.

The permissions `-rw-------` for `/etc/passwd` restrict read access to only the owner (root), which can break system functionality requiring user lookup.