What technology could be used to address software dependency conflicts between applications on the same host operating system?

Type 1 hypervisors (bare-metal hypervisors) virtualize hardware to run multiple guest operating systems, which each have their own dependencies, but do not directly address dependency conflicts between applications on the same host OS as they create separate OS instances.

Type 2 hypervisors run on top of an existing host operating system and virtualize hardware for guest OSes, similar to Type 1, and thus do not solve dependency conflicts between applications within the same host OS.

Containers encapsulate an application and its entire runtime environment, including all libraries and dependencies, into an isolated unit. This isolation ensures that applications within different containers can use their own specific versions of libraries without conflicting with other applications on the same host operating system.

cgroups (control groups) are a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O, network) of a collection of processes, but they do not isolate software dependencies or prevent library conflicts.