What are the characteristics for building every cloud-native application?

"Availability" is a result of good design and resilience, but "Agility" is a more direct characteristic of the development and deployment process for cloud-native.

"Containerd" is a container runtime, a technology used *by* cloud-native applications, not a characteristic *of* them.

"Kubernetes" is an orchestration platform, a tool used *for* cloud-native applications, not a characteristic *of* the applications themselves.

Cloud-native applications are fundamentally designed to be Resilient (handle failures gracefully), Agile (adapt to change quickly), Operable (easy to manage and maintain in production), and Observable (provide insights into their internal state and performance). These characteristics ensure they leverage the cloud's capabilities effectively.