Was an early expression of medical ethics and reflected high ideals.

The Canon of Medicine, written by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), was a comprehensive medical encyclopedia focused on medical knowledge and practice, not primarily an ethical code or oath.

The Hippocratic Oath, attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, is one of the oldest and most widely recognized codes of medical ethics, establishing foundational principles such as non-maleficence and patient welfare. It is historically significant as an early formal articulation of ethical obligations for healthcare practitioners. It has served as the moral foundation for modern medical ethics and professional standards.