______________- medicine believed gods and evil spirits caused disease.

Ancient medicine, while still incorporating some spiritual elements, began to include more observational and naturalistic explanations for disease, as seen in Egyptian and Greek medical traditions.

In prehistoric times, before any systematic understanding of anatomy or biology existed, illness was attributed to supernatural causes such as demonic possession or divine punishment. Healers of this era, such as shamans or witch doctors, used rituals, incantations, and charms as the primary treatments to appease or expel these spiritual forces.

Modern medicine is based on scientific evidence, germ theory, and evidence-based practice, with no reliance on supernatural explanations for disease.