Which of the following protocols are included in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)? (Select All that Apply)

Question

Options

• ALink control protocol (LCP)
• BICMP
• CNetwork control protocol (NCP)
• DIGMP

• A
  78% (14)
• B
  17% (3)
• D
  6% (1)

Explanation

PPP is a data link layer protocol composed of two sub-protocols that work together: LCP (Link Control Protocol) establishes, configures, and maintains the point-to-point connection, while NCP (Network Control Protocol) negotiates the network-layer protocols (like IP or IPX) to be used over that link. These are the two core components built into PPP's architecture.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used for error reporting and diagnostics (think ping) - it operates at Layer 3 and has nothing to do with PPP's link management. IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is also a Layer 3 protocol, used for managing multicast group memberships - again, unrelated to PPP's internals.

Memory tip: Think of PPP as a two-phase handshake - LCP first Links the line, then NCP Negotiates the network protocol. "Link first, Network next" - LCP then NCP. ICMP and IGMP both end in "MP" for "Multicast/messaging Protocols" that live above PPP at Layer 3.

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