Which of the following types of attacks is mounted with the objective of causing a negative impact on the performance of a computer or network?

A vulnerability attack exploits specific security weaknesses in software or hardware to gain unauthorized access or execute arbitrary code, with compromise as the goal rather than pure performance degradation.

A man-in-the-middle attack intercepts communications between two parties to eavesdrop or manipulate data in transit, targeting confidentiality and integrity rather than system or network performance.

A DoS attack overwhelms a target's resources - such as bandwidth, CPU cycles, or memory - with the explicit goal of degrading performance or making services unavailable to legitimate users. Unlike attacks that seek data theft or system compromise, the primary objective is disruption of availability and performance. This directly satisfies the definition of an attack mounted to cause a negative impact on system or network performance.

An impersonation attack involves masquerading as a legitimate user or system to gain unauthorized access or trust, focusing on identity deception rather than causing a performance or availability impact.