Which of the following languages are vulnerable to a buffer overflow attack? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.

Java runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which performs automatic bounds checking on all array accesses and manages memory via garbage collection, preventing traditional buffer overflow conditions.

C++ does not perform automatic bounds checking on arrays or buffers, so writing beyond an allocated memory region can overwrite adjacent memory and enable buffer overflow exploits. Developers must manually manage memory, and any oversight can create vulnerabilities that attackers can leverage to execute arbitrary code.

C is the language most classically associated with buffer overflows because it provides direct memory access and pointer arithmetic without any runtime bounds enforcement, making standard library functions like strcpy() and gets() notoriously exploitable.

ActionScript executes within the Flash runtime environment, which abstracts memory management and enforces bounds checking, eliminating the conditions required for a buffer overflow.