Which of the following tools are used for footprinting? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.

Sam Spade is a network query toolkit that consolidates DNS lookups, Whois queries, and traceroute functions, making it a classic multi-purpose footprinting utility for gathering target network intelligence.

Traceroute maps the network path between the attacker and a target host by revealing intermediate routers and hops, which exposes network topology information valuable during the footprinting phase.

Whois queries domain registrar and IANA databases to retrieve registration details such as owner contact information, name servers, and registration dates for a target domain, which is a foundational footprinting technique.

Brutus is a remote brute-force password-cracking tool used to actively attack authentication services such as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet, which is an exploitation activity unrelated to passive footprinting.