Victor is a novice Ethical Hacker. He is learning the hacking process, i.e., the steps taken by malicious hackers to perform hacking. Which of the following steps is NOT included in the hacking…

Reconnaissance is the first and well-established phase of the hacking process, involving passive and active information gathering about the target.

Gaining Access is the third phase of the hacking methodology, where the attacker exploits vulnerabilities to obtain system access.

Scanning is the second phase of the hacking process, where the attacker uses tools to identify open ports, services, and vulnerabilities.

'Preparation' is not a recognized phase in the CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker) hacking methodology. The five standard phases are Reconnaissance, Scanning, Gaining Access, Maintaining Access, and Clearing Tracks. Any pre-engagement activity in authorized testing is typically called 'Planning' or covered under a separate engagement agreement, not listed as a hacking process step.