Which file format has defined names and data types for each column and uses compressed columnar storage?

HTML is a markup language for web pages and has no concept of defined columns, data types, or columnar compression.

CSV is a plain-text row-based format with no enforced schema, no defined data types, and no compression.

Apache Parquet is an open-source columnar storage format designed for analytics workloads. It stores data column-by-column rather than row-by-row, which allows for highly efficient compression and encoding because values within the same column tend to be similar. Parquet files include schema metadata that defines the name and data type of each column, making it self-describing and suitable for big data processing frameworks like Apache Spark and Azure Synapse Analytics.

JSON is a text-based hierarchical format that supports nested structures but is row-oriented, does not enforce column data types, and does not use columnar compression.