A cloud solutions architect is working on a private cloud environment in which storage consumption is increasing daily, resulting in high costs. Which of the following can the architect use to provide

Tiering moves data between different classes of storage media based on access frequency, optimizing cost and performance but not increasing total available capacity.

Deduplication identifies and removes duplicate data blocks across the storage system, storing only a single instance and using pointers for all other references. This can dramatically reduce consumed space, especially in environments with many similar files or virtual machine images.

RAID provisioning organizes disks for redundancy or performance but does not create additional usable space - some RAID levels actually reduce net capacity.

Compression encodes data using fewer bits than the original representation, reducing the on-disk footprint of stored data. Together with deduplication, compression allows the same physical capacity to hold significantly more data without purchasing additional storage.

Flash optimization improves I/O performance for flash-based storage but does not reduce data footprint or increase available capacity.

NVMe is a host controller interface protocol for accessing flash storage; it improves latency and throughput but has no effect on storage capacity or data reduction.