The NIST ITL Cloud Research Team defines some primary and secondary technologies as the fundamental elements of cloud computing in its "Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm" pre

While web application frameworks are important for developing cloud applications, NIST's ITL Cloud Research Team did not classify them as one of the fundamental 'primary technologies' in the same category as FOSS, SOA, or Virtualization for cloud computing.

Free and open source software (FOSS) is identified by NIST as a primary technology enabler for cloud computing.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is listed by NIST as a primary technology supporting cloud computing's modular and distributed nature.

Virtualization is a foundational primary technology for cloud computing, enabling resource pooling and rapid elasticity.