System Authorization is the risk management process. System Authorization Plan (SAP) is a comprehensive and uniform approach to the System Authorization Process. What are the different phases of…

Post-certification is not a distinct phase; rather, certification is followed by the authorization decision and then ongoing monitoring (post-authorization).

Post-Authorization involves continuous monitoring and ongoing risk management activities after a system has been authorized, ensuring its security posture remains acceptable.

Authorization is the phase where a senior agency official makes a risk-based decision to authorize the operation of an information system, based on the security assessment.

Pre-certification involves initial planning and preparation activities before the formal certification process begins, setting the scope and objectives.

Certification involves a comprehensive technical and non-technical evaluation of an information system to determine the extent to which it meets defined security requirements.