Which technology allows organizations to run multiple computer operating systems on a single piece of physical hardware?

A hypervisor - also called a virtual machine monitor - sits between the physical hardware and the operating systems, partitioning CPU, memory, and storage resources into isolated virtual machines. Each virtual machine runs its own OS independently, allowing a single physical server to host Windows, Linux, and other systems simultaneously, which is the foundation of server virtualization and cloud infrastructure.

Containers share the host OS kernel and virtualize at the application layer, not at the hardware level, so they do not run multiple different operating systems on one machine.

Serverless computing is a cloud execution model where the provider manages infrastructure on behalf of the developer; it does not describe hardware virtualization technology.

Open source refers to software with publicly available source code and is a licensing and development model, not a technology for hardware virtualization.