Which of the following is PRIMARILY adopted for ensuring the integrity of information is preserved?

Data at rest protection (e.g., disk encryption) primarily ensures confidentiality of stored data, not integrity during transmission or active use.

TLS ensures information integrity by employing message authentication codes (MACs) and cryptographic hash functions that detect any unauthorized modification of data during transmission. If data is altered in transit, the MAC verification fails, ensuring the recipient knows the integrity has been compromised. TLS also provides confidentiality and authentication, but its core role in preserving integrity through hashing mechanisms makes it the primary answer here.

Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is an authorization mechanism that controls who can access resources, but it does not directly preserve or verify the integrity of the information itself.

One-way encryption (hashing) can support integrity verification when used as a standalone mechanism, but it is not a comprehensive protocol adopted for ensuring integrity in the same operational context as TLS, which integrates integrity checks as part of a full security protocol.