Which of the following secure startup mechanisms are PRIMARILY designed to thwart attacks?

Timing attacks are a subset of side channel attacks focused specifically on measuring execution time to infer secret data; they are not a distinct category of attack that secure startup mechanisms are primarily designed to address as a whole.

Cold boot attacks involve physically extracting encryption keys from RAM after a system is powered down or rebooted, and while memory encryption can mitigate this, secure startup mechanisms are not primarily designed to thwart cold boot attacks specifically.

Side channel attacks exploit information gained from the physical implementation of a cryptographic system - such as power consumption, electromagnetic emissions, or timing variations - rather than weaknesses in the algorithm itself. Secure startup mechanisms like TPM-based measured boot and Secure Boot are designed to protect against these attack vectors by ensuring integrity of the boot process and safeguarding cryptographic material from being exposed or inferred through physical observation channels.

Acoustic cryptanalysis involves extracting cryptographic keys by analyzing sound emissions from hardware components during computation, which is a highly specialized and exotic attack vector that secure startup mechanisms are not primarily designed to counter.