You need to recommend a solution for Application1 that meets the security requirements. What should you include in the recommendation?

Encrypted columns protect data at rest from unauthorized viewing but do not control which users or applications can execute specific database operations or restrict direct table access.

Certificate Authentication is used to authenticate identities connecting to SQL Server but does not control the permission scope of operations performed once connected, which is the core security requirement here.

SSL/TLS secures data in transit between the client and the database server but does not address authorization or privilege escalation controls needed to restrict what operations Application1 can perform on the database.

Signed stored procedures use code signing (via certificates or asymmetric keys) to grant the stored procedure elevated permissions independently of the caller's permissions. This allows Application1 to execute specific database operations through the procedure without requiring users to have direct object-level permissions, satisfying security requirements that restrict direct data access while still enabling necessary functionality.