What are three drawbacks of VPLS? (Choose three.)

In direct-attached (flat) VPLS without H-VPLS hierarchy, every PE router must maintain a pseudowire to every other PE in the same VPLS instance, resulting in O(n^2) pseudowire scaling that becomes unmanageable in large deployments.

VPLS is specifically designed to support Layer 2 IP bridging by emulating an Ethernet LAN segment across an MPLS network, so the inability to support IP bridging is not a valid drawback.

Because VPLS emulates an Ethernet bridge, PE routers must learn and store all customer MAC addresses, exposing customer MAC tables to the service provider infrastructure and creating MAC table scale problems as customer counts grow.

VPLS uses ingress replication (flooding) to handle broadcast, unknown-unicast, and multicast traffic, meaning each PE must replicate and forward BUM frames across all pseudowires in the VPLS instance, consuming significant bandwidth and CPU.