A Service Provider network designer is considering the use of the G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection mechanism in order to provide resiliency in the network. Which three concepts will be supported with t

The Ring Protection Link (RPL) is a core G.8032 concept - it is the designated link blocked during normal operation to prevent loops in the Ethernet ring, and unblocked upon failure detection to restore connectivity.

Ring Automatic Protection Switching (R-APS) is the G.8032 signaling protocol used by ring nodes to communicate protection state changes, enabling coordinated failover across all nodes in the ring.

Multi-Router Automatic Protection Switching (MR-APS) is a SONET/SDH linear protection mechanism and is not defined anywhere in the G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection specification.

G.8032 defines an APS channel carried in R-APS PDUs on a dedicated VLAN, allowing ring nodes to exchange control messages that drive protection switching decisions.