Which of the following programming languages is most vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks?

Perl is an interpreted, high-level language whose runtime manages memory allocation and enforces string boundaries, making classic buffer overflows effectively impossible at the language level.

C++ allows direct pointer arithmetic and manual heap/stack memory management without enforcing array boundary checks at the language level, so writing past a buffer's end is undefined behavior that attackers can exploit. This contrasts with languages that use managed runtimes or automatic bounds checking to prevent such overwrites.

Python manages all memory through its interpreter and enforces strict bounds on data structures, so buffer overflows of the type exploitable in native code cannot occur in Python scripts.

Java runs inside the JVM, which performs automatic array bounds checking and garbage collection, preventing programs from writing outside allocated buffers.