Bob, your senior colleague, has sent you a mail regarding a deal with one of the clients. You are requested to accept the offer and you oblige. After 2 days. Bob denies that he had ever sent a mail…

Question

Options

• AAuthentication
• BConfidentiality
• CIntegrity
• DNon-Repudiation

• A
  4% (2)
• B
  2% (1)
• C
  2% (1)
• D
  92% (46)

Explanation

Non-Repudiation Explained

Option D (Non-Repudiation) is correct because non-repudiation is the security principle that ensures a sender cannot deny having sent a message - it provides undeniable proof of the origin of a communication, which is exactly what you need to prove Bob sent the email.

Why the distractors are wrong:

• Authentication (A) verifies who someone is at the time of access, but doesn't prevent them from later denying an action they took
• Confidentiality (B) is about keeping information secret from unauthorized parties - irrelevant here since the issue is about denying the email's origin
• Integrity (C) ensures the message was not altered in transit, but doesn't prove who originally sent it

Memory Tip: Think of Non-Repudiation as a digital signature on a legal contract - just as someone cannot deny signing a witnessed contract, non-repudiation means a sender cannot "repudiate" (deny) their action. If the question involves someone denying they did something, the answer is almost always Non-Repudiation.

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