Abel, a security professional, conducts penetration testing in his client organization to check for any security loopholes. He launched an attack on the DHCP servers by broadcasting forged DHCP reques

VLAN hopping exploits 802.1Q or ISL tagging to gain unauthorized access to traffic on other VLANs, and has no relation to exhausting DHCP address pools.

DHCP starvation is an attack where an adversary sends a large volume of forged DHCP DISCOVER requests using spoofed MAC addresses, consuming all available leases in the DHCP scope. Once the pool is exhausted, the server cannot assign IP addresses to legitimate clients, causing a denial of service. This precisely matches the scenario where Abel leased all available addresses until no more could be issued.

A rogue DHCP server attack involves deploying an unauthorized DHCP server that hands out malicious configuration data such as a fake default gateway, rather than draining the legitimate server's address pool.

An STP attack manipulates the Spanning Tree Protocol root bridge election to intercept or redirect traffic, and does not involve DHCP requests or IP address exhaustion.