Which of the following has been used to evade IDS and IPS devices?

SNMP is a network management protocol used for device monitoring and configuration, not an IDS/IPS evasion technique.

HTTP is an application-layer protocol for web communication and is not itself an evasion technique, though certain HTTP-based obfuscation methods can be used - HTTP alone is not the answer.

TNP is not a recognized network protocol or IDS/IPS evasion technique relevant to this context.

IP fragmentation splits a packet into smaller fragments that are individually inspected by an IDS or IPS. Because the malicious payload is divided across fragments, signature-based detection engines that only inspect individual fragments - rather than performing full reassembly - may fail to detect the attack. This technique has been well-documented as an evasion method since early research on network-based IDS limitations.